Leonhard Euler
Graph theory, number theory, and introduced much of mathematical notation we use today
Isaac Newton
Calculus, laws of motion, and the mathematical foundation of physics
Carl Friedrich Gauss
Number theory, algebra, and the "Prince of Mathematics"
Albert Einstein
Relativity theory and mathematical physics breakthroughs
Pythagoras
Pythagorean theorem and the foundation of mathematical proof
Archimedes
Geometry, calculus concepts, and mathematical methods
